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LANGUAGES AND TOOLING / Trail of Bits

Trail of Bits Modern C++

Pushes new C++ toward C++20, 23, and 26 idioms and a hardened libc++, and stops when the user requires an older standard or the file is C.

“Guides C++ code toward modern idioms (C++20/23/26). Use when writing new C++ code, modernizing legacy patterns, or working on security-critical C++. Replaces raw pointers with smart pointers, SFINAE with concepts, printf with std::print, error codes with std::expected.”

01 / THE REASONING

Why this made the selection.

  • When NOT to Use respects an explicit older-standard constraint and excludes pure C, build-system questions, and projects that are not primarily C++.
  • The checklist requires smart pointers for ownership, concepts instead of SFINAE, and std::expected for typed failure.
  • The hardening reference starts from -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic and includes Clang's -Wunsafe-buffer-usage.

02 / THE REVIEW RECORD

What we actually inspected.

Source review has boundaries.
A clear record is more useful than a “safe” badge.

Material inspected

  • plugins/modern-cpp/skills/modern-cpp/SKILL.md
  • LICENSE
  • README.md
  • plugins/modern-cpp/skills/modern-cpp/references/compiler-hardening.md

Our findings

  • When NOT to Use lists an explicit older standard, pure C, build-system questions, and a non-C++ primary project.
  • A rejected excuse is that smart pointers are slower; the file says unique_ptr has zero overhead versus a raw pointer and tells the reader to measure.
  • The hardening snippet sets _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_FAST and points at compiler-hardening.md for the full flag list.
  • references/compiler-hardening.md includes -Wall, -Wextra, -Wpedantic, and Clang-only -Wunsafe-buffer-usage.
  • The definition separates owning smart pointers from borrowed references and covers RAII, constrained templates and standard-dependent library facilities.

Not established by this review

  • The skill was not executed inside a host agent.
  • No compiler flags were applied and no binary was built.

The review applies to the material and revision named here. A newer upstream release can change its behavior.

03 / PUT IT TO WORK

Add a skill to your workflow.

Upstream setup instructions ↗

DOCUMENTED COMMAND

npx skills add trailofbits/skills/plugins/modern-cpp/skills/modern-cpp --skill modern-cpp

Run in your terminal to choose your AI tools, project or global scope, and installation method. This short command follows the current upstream version; the review covers the revision shown above.

Optional: install the reviewed revision

Keeps the original source and installer version where recorded, while leaving your AI tools and installation scope for you to choose.

npx skills add https://github.com/trailofbits/skills/tree/82fe8226252622fa807643bdca1710901198553a/plugins/modern-cpp/skills/modern-cpp --skill modern-cpp
  1. Install the complete skill directory with its references; a copied SKILL.md alone loses the migration table and hardening guide.
  2. Choose your AI tools and project or global scope in the installer, then review its permissions before using the skill.
  3. For manual installation instead, download the complete bundle from https://undominated.ai/resources/skills/trailofbits-modern-cpp/bundle.zip and extract it into a new directory. It holds SKILL.md and 6 supporting files unchanged at revision 82fe8226, the upstream licence and an attribution file.
  4. Place the extracted directory in your host's documented skills directory, named modern-cpp. Keep SKILL.md and the licence together.

Before you start

  • Node.js/npm for this installer
  • An agent that supports the Agent Skills format
  • A C++ codebase and permission to run compiler and test commands where relevant

THE COMPLETE REVIEWED DEFINITION

Read it before you reuse it.

Original source bytes, with attribution.
Review the host-specific setup notes above.

---
name: modern-cpp
description: Guides C++ code toward modern idioms (C++20/23/26). Use when writing new C++ code, modernizing legacy patterns, or working on security-critical C++. Replaces raw pointers with smart pointers, SFINAE with concepts, printf with std::print, error codes with std::expected.
---

# Modern C++

Guide for writing modern C++ using C++20, C++23, and C++26 idioms. Focuses on patterns that eliminate vulnerability classes and reduce boilerplate, with a security emphasis from Trail of Bits.

## When to Use This Skill

- Writing new C++ functions, classes, or libraries
- Modernizing existing C++ code (pre-C++20 patterns)
- Choosing between legacy and modern approaches
- Working on security-critical or safety-sensitive C++
- Reviewing C++ code for modern idiom adoption

## When NOT to Use This Skill

- **User explicitly requires older standard**: Respect constraints (embedded, legacy ABI)
- **Pure C code**: This skill is C++-specific
- **Build system questions**: CMake, Meson, Bazel configuration is out of scope
- **Non-C++ projects**: Mixed codebases where C++ isn't primary

## Anti-Patterns to Avoid

| Avoid | Use Instead | Why |
|-------|-------------|-----|
| `new`/`delete` | `std::make_unique`, `std::make_shared` | Eliminates leaks, double-free |
| Raw owning pointers | `std::unique_ptr`, `std::shared_ptr` | RAII ownership semantics |
| C arrays (`int arr[N]`) | `std::array<int, N>` | Bounds-aware, value semantics |
| Pointer + length params | `std::span<T>` | Non-owning, bounds-checkable |
| `printf` / `sprintf` | `std::format`, `std::print` | Type-safe, no buffer overflow |
| C-style casts `(int)x` | `static_cast<int>(x)` | Explicit intent, auditable |
| `#define` constants | `constexpr` variables | Scoped, typed, debuggable |
| SFINAE / `enable_if` | Concepts + `requires` | Readable constraints and errors |
| Error codes + out params | `std::expected<T, E>` | Composable, type-safe errors |
| `union` | `std::variant` | Type-safe, no silent UB |
| Raw `mutex.lock()/unlock()` | `std::scoped_lock` | Exception-safe, no deadlocks |
| `std::thread` | `std::jthread` | Auto-join, stop token support |
| `assert()` macro | `contract_assert` (C++26) | Visible to tooling, configurable |
| Manual CRTP | Deducing `this` (C++23) | Simpler, no template boilerplate |
| Macro code generation | Reflection (C++26) | Zero-overhead, composable |

See [anti-patterns.md](./references/anti-patterns.md) for the full table (30+ patterns).

## Decision Tree

```
What are you doing?
|
+-- Writing new C++ code?
|   +-- Use modern idioms by default (C++20/23)
|   +-- Choose the newest standard your compiler supports
|   +-- See Feature Tiers below
|
+-- Modernizing existing code?
|   +-- Start with Tier 1 (C++20/23) replacements
|   +-- Prioritize by security impact (memory > types > style)
|   +-- See anti-patterns.md for the migration table
|
+-- Security-critical code?
|   +-- Enable compiler hardening flags (see below)
|   +-- Enable hardened libc++ mode
|   +-- Run sanitizers in CI
|   +-- See safe-idioms.md and compiler-hardening.md
|
+-- Using C++26 features?
    +-- Reflection: YES, plan for it (GCC 16+)
    +-- Contracts: cautiously, for new API boundaries
    +-- std::execution: wait for ecosystem maturity
    +-- See cpp26-features.md
```

## Feature Tiers

Features are ranked by **practical usability today**, not by standard version.

### Tier 1: Use Today (C++20/23, solid compiler support)

| Feature | Replaces | Standard |
|---------|----------|----------|
| Concepts + `requires` | SFINAE, `enable_if` | C++20 |
| Ranges + views | Raw iterator loops | C++20 |
| `std::span<T>` | Pointer + length | C++20 |
| `std::format` | `sprintf`, iostream chains | C++20 |
| Three-way comparison `<=>` | Manual comparison operators | C++20 |
| `std::jthread` | `std::thread` + manual join | C++20 |
| Designated initializers | Positional struct init | C++20 |
| `std::expected<T,E>` | Error codes, exceptions at boundaries | C++23 |
| `std::print` / `std::println` | `printf`, `std::cout <<` | C++23 |
| Deducing `this` | CRTP, const/non-const duplication | C++23 |
| `std::flat_map` | `std::map` for read-heavy use | C++23 |
| Monadic `std::optional` | Nested if-checks on optionals | C++23 |

See [cpp20-features.md](./references/cpp20-features.md) and [cpp23-features.md](./references/cpp23-features.md).

### Tier 2: Deploy Now (no standard bump needed)

These improve safety without changing your C++ standard version:

- **Compiler hardening flags** — `-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=3`, `-fstack-protector-strong`, `-ftrivial-auto-var-init=zero`
- **Hardened libc++** — `-D_LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE=_LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_FAST` for ~0.3% overhead bounds-checking
- **Sanitizers in CI** — ASan + UBSan as minimum; TSan for concurrent code
- **Warning flags** — `-Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror`

See [compiler-hardening.md](./references/compiler-hardening.md).

### Tier 3: Plan For (C++26, worth restructuring around)

**Reflection** is the single most transformative C++26 feature. It eliminates:
- Serialization boilerplate (one generic function replaces per-struct `to_json`)
- Code generators (protobuf codegen, Qt MOC)
- Macro-based registration and enum-to-string hacks

GCC 16 (April 2026) has reflection merged. Plan new code to benefit from it.

### Tier 4: Watch (C++26, needs maturation)

- **Contracts** (`pre`/`post`/`contract_assert`) — Better than `assert()`, but no virtual function support and limited compiler support. Adopt cautiously for new API boundaries.
- **std::execution** (senders/receivers) — Powerful async framework, but steep learning curve, no scheduler ships with it, and poor documentation. Wait for ecosystem maturity.

See [cpp26-features.md](./references/cpp26-features.md).

## Compiler Hardening Quick Reference

### Essential Flags (GCC + Clang)

```
-Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror
-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=3
-fstack-protector-strong
-fstack-clash-protection
-ftrivial-auto-var-init=zero
-fPIE -pie
-Wl,-z,relro,-z,now
```

### Clang-Specific

```
-Wunsafe-buffer-usage
```

### Hardened libc++ (Clang/libc++ only)

```
-D_LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE=_LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_FAST
```

Google deployed this across Chrome and their server fleet: ~0.3% overhead, 1000+ bugs found, 30% reduction in production segfaults.

See [compiler-hardening.md](./references/compiler-hardening.md) for the full guide.

## Rationalizations to Reject

| Rationalization | Why It's Wrong |
|----------------|----------------|
| "It compiles without warnings" | Warnings depend on which flags you enable. Add `-Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic`. |
| "ASan is too slow for production" | Use GWP-ASan for sampling-based production detection (~0% overhead). |
| "We only use safe containers" | Iterator invalidation and unchecked `optional` access are still exploitable. |
| "Smart pointers are slower" | `std::unique_ptr` has zero overhead vs raw pointers. Measure before claiming. |
| "Our code doesn't have memory bugs" | Google found 1000+ bugs when enabling hardened libc++. So did everyone else. |
| "C++26 features aren't available yet" | C++20/23 features are. Hardening flags work on any standard. Start there. |
| "Modern C++ is harder to read" | `std::expected` is more readable than checking error codes across 5 out-params. |

## Best Practices Checklist

- [ ] Use smart pointers for ownership, raw pointers only for non-owning observation
- [ ] Prefer `std::span` over pointer + length for function parameters
- [ ] Use `std::expected` for functions that can fail with typed errors
- [ ] Constrain templates with concepts, not SFINAE
- [ ] Enable compiler hardening flags and hardened libc++ in all builds
- [ ] Run ASan + UBSan in CI; add TSan for concurrent code
- [ ] Use `constexpr` / `consteval` where possible (UB-free by design)
- [ ] Mark functions `[[nodiscard]]` when ignoring the return value is likely a bug
- [ ] Prefer value semantics; use `std::variant` over `union`, `enum class` over `enum`
- [ ] Initialize all variables at declaration

## Read Next

- [anti-patterns.md](./references/anti-patterns.md) — Full legacy-to-modern migration table (30+ patterns)
- [cpp20-features.md](./references/cpp20-features.md) — Concepts, ranges, span, format, coroutines
- [cpp23-features.md](./references/cpp23-features.md) — expected, print, deducing this, flat_map
- [cpp26-features.md](./references/cpp26-features.md) — Reflection, contracts, memory safety improvements
- [compiler-hardening.md](./references/compiler-hardening.md) — Flags, sanitizers, hardened libc++
- [safe-idioms.md](./references/safe-idioms.md) — Security patterns by vulnerability class

The download contains SKILL.md. Extract the whole bundle; the supporting files are required. Inspect the included MANIFEST.json for file hashes.

By Trail of Bits. Exact upstream source ↗ · Licence · Attribution

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  d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted
     as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities
     that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal
     processes of any jurisdiction or authority.


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04 / FOLLOW THE EVIDENCE

The source trail.

Our notes are separate from the original resource.
Check upstream before adopting a new version.

  1. Skill definition ↗Checked

    https://github.com/trailofbits/skills/blob/82fe8226252622fa807643bdca1710901198553a/plugins/modern-cpp/skills/modern-cpp/SKILL.md

    Supports: Workflow and stated scope

  2. Repository licence ↗Checked

    https://github.com/trailofbits/skills/blob/82fe8226252622fa807643bdca1710901198553a/LICENSE

    Supports: Redistribution terms

Evidence & Ask