--- title: "Trail of Bits Modern C++: review, setup & limitations · Undominated.ai" canonical: https://undominated.ai/skills/trailofbits-modern-cpp/ description: "Pushes new C++ toward C++20, 23, and 26 idioms and a hardened libc++, and stops when the user requires an older standard or the file is C." --- # Trail of Bits Modern C++: review, setup & limitations · Undominated.ai > Pushes new C++ toward C++20, 23, and 26 idioms and a hardened libc++, and stops when the user requires an older standard or the file is C. [← Explore all skills](/skills/) LANGUAGES AND TOOLING / Trail of Bits # Trail of Bits Modern C++ Pushes new C++ toward C++20, 23, and 26 idioms and a hardened libc++, and stops when the user requires an older standard or the file is C. [See setup guidance ↓](#setup)[Original source ↗](https://github.com/trailofbits/skills/tree/82fe8226252622fa807643bdca1710901198553a/plugins/modern-cpp/skills/modern-cpp) SOURCE REVIEW Reviewed 2026-10-14 Evidence 2 linked sources Publisher Trail of Bits Licence [CC-BY-SA-4.0 ↗](https://github.com/trailofbits/skills/blob/82fe8226252622fa807643bdca1710901198553a/LICENSE) Revision 82fe82262526 [Read what was—and wasn’t—checked ↓](#review) “Guides C++ code toward modern idioms (C++20/23/26). Use when writing new C++ code, modernizing legacy patterns, or working on security-critical C++. Replaces raw pointers with smart pointers, SFINAE with concepts, printf with std::print, error codes with std::expected.” [Trail of Bits · upstream description ↗](https://github.com/trailofbits/skills/blob/82fe8226252622fa807643bdca1710901198553a/plugins/modern-cpp/skills/modern-cpp/SKILL.md) Our analysis follows below. 01 / THE REASONING ## Why this made the selection. - When NOT to Use respects an explicit older-standard constraint and excludes pure C, build-system questions, and projects that are not primarily C++. - The checklist requires smart pointers for ownership, concepts instead of SFINAE, and std::expected for typed failure. - The hardening reference starts from -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic and includes Clang's -Wunsafe-buffer-usage. ### A good fit for - Reviewing new C++ for raw owning pointers and unchecked optional access - Choosing hardening flags without claiming they prove the absence of bugs - Review modern C++ ownership and lifetime boundaries under the project compiler standard. ### Weigh up before choosing - An embedded or legacy ABI that must stay on an older standard is a stated reason not to apply the skill. - Build-system work such as CMake, Meson, or Bazel is out of scope. - This review did not execute the skill or compile a translation unit. - A span is a borrowed view, not a universal bounds-check guarantee; smart pointers and scoped locks do not establish whole-program memory or deadlock safety. 02 / THE REVIEW RECORD ## What we actually inspected. Source review has boundaries. A clear record is more useful than a “safe” badge. ### Material inspected - plugins/modern-cpp/skills/modern-cpp/SKILL.md - LICENSE - README.md - plugins/modern-cpp/skills/modern-cpp/references/compiler-hardening.md ### Our findings - When NOT to Use lists an explicit older standard, pure C, build-system questions, and a non-C++ primary project. - A rejected excuse is that smart pointers are slower; the file says unique_ptr has zero overhead versus a raw pointer and tells the reader to measure. - The hardening snippet sets _LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_FAST and points at compiler-hardening.md for the full flag list. - references/compiler-hardening.md includes -Wall, -Wextra, -Wpedantic, and Clang-only -Wunsafe-buffer-usage. - The definition separates owning smart pointers from borrowed references and covers RAII, constrained templates and standard-dependent library facilities. ### Not established by this review - The skill was not executed inside a host agent. - No compiler flags were applied and no binary was built. The review applies to the material and revision named here. A newer upstream release can change its behavior. 03 / PUT IT TO WORK ## Add a skill to your workflow. [Upstream setup instructions ↗](https://github.com/vercel-labs/skills/blob/7407f3893ad4dceab546ac002c3ef806e4000c73/README.md) DOCUMENTED COMMAND npx skills add trailofbits/skills/plugins/modern-cpp/skills/modern-cpp --skill modern-cpp Copy command ↗ Run in your terminal to choose your AI tools, project or global scope, and installation method. This short command follows the current upstream version; the review covers the revision shown above. Optional: install the reviewed revision Keeps the original source and installer version where recorded, while leaving your AI tools and installation scope for you to choose. npx skills add https://github.com/trailofbits/skills/tree/82fe8226252622fa807643bdca1710901198553a/plugins/modern-cpp/skills/modern-cpp --skill modern-cpp Copy reviewed-revision command ↗ - Install the complete skill directory with its references; a copied SKILL.md alone loses the migration table and hardening guide. - Choose your AI tools and project or global scope in the installer, then review its permissions before using the skill. - For manual installation instead, download the complete bundle from https://undominated.ai/resources/skills/trailofbits-modern-cpp/bundle.zip and extract it into a new directory. It holds SKILL.md and 6 supporting files unchanged at revision 82fe8226, the upstream licence and an attribution file. - Place the extracted directory in your host's documented skills directory, named modern-cpp. Keep SKILL.md and the licence together. ### Before you start - Node.js/npm for this installer - An agent that supports the Agent Skills format - A C++ codebase and permission to run compiler and test commands where relevant ### Compatibility Agent Skills-compatible coding agents · C++ codebases with a compiler and sanitizer toolchain ### Local Markdown instructions - The skill reads and edits C++ sources and recommends compiler and linker flags; it does not itself request network access. - Edits native code and compiler configuration; builds and tests execute project code. ### Cost model CC-BY-SA-4.0. The pinned LICENSE is Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International. The skill does not say a paid Trail of Bits account is required. THE COMPLETE REVIEWED DEFINITION ## Read it before you reuse it. Original source bytes, with attribution. Review the host-specific setup notes above. Copy definition ↗ [Download complete resource + licence ↗](/resources/skills/trailofbits-modern-cpp/bundle.zip)[Raw Markdown ↗](/resources/skills/trailofbits-modern-cpp/definition.md) --- name: modern-cpp description: Guides C++ code toward modern idioms (C++20/23/26). Use when writing new C++ code, modernizing legacy patterns, or working on security-critical C++. Replaces raw pointers with smart pointers, SFINAE with concepts, printf with std::print, error codes with std::expected. --- # Modern C++ Guide for writing modern C++ using C++20, C++23, and C++26 idioms. Focuses on patterns that eliminate vulnerability classes and reduce boilerplate, with a security emphasis from Trail of Bits. ## When to Use This Skill - Writing new C++ functions, classes, or libraries - Modernizing existing C++ code (pre-C++20 patterns) - Choosing between legacy and modern approaches - Working on security-critical or safety-sensitive C++ - Reviewing C++ code for modern idiom adoption ## When NOT to Use This Skill - **User explicitly requires older standard**: Respect constraints (embedded, legacy ABI) - **Pure C code**: This skill is C++-specific - **Build system questions**: CMake, Meson, Bazel configuration is out of scope - **Non-C++ projects**: Mixed codebases where C++ isn't primary ## Anti-Patterns to Avoid | Avoid | Use Instead | Why | |-------|-------------|-----| | `new`/`delete` | `std::make_unique`, `std::make_shared` | Eliminates leaks, double-free | | Raw owning pointers | `std::unique_ptr`, `std::shared_ptr` | RAII ownership semantics | | C arrays (`int arr[N]`) | `std::array` | Bounds-aware, value semantics | | Pointer + length params | `std::span` | Non-owning, bounds-checkable | | `printf` / `sprintf` | `std::format`, `std::print` | Type-safe, no buffer overflow | | C-style casts `(int)x` | `static_cast(x)` | Explicit intent, auditable | | `#define` constants | `constexpr` variables | Scoped, typed, debuggable | | SFINAE / `enable_if` | Concepts + `requires` | Readable constraints and errors | | Error codes + out params | `std::expected` | Composable, type-safe errors | | `union` | `std::variant` | Type-safe, no silent UB | | Raw `mutex.lock()/unlock()` | `std::scoped_lock` | Exception-safe, no deadlocks | | `std::thread` | `std::jthread` | Auto-join, stop token support | | `assert()` macro | `contract_assert` (C++26) | Visible to tooling, configurable | | Manual CRTP | Deducing `this` (C++23) | Simpler, no template boilerplate | | Macro code generation | Reflection (C++26) | Zero-overhead, composable | See [anti-patterns.md](./references/anti-patterns.md) for the full table (30+ patterns). ## Decision Tree ``` What are you doing? | +-- Writing new C++ code? | +-- Use modern idioms by default (C++20/23) | +-- Choose the newest standard your compiler supports | +-- See Feature Tiers below | +-- Modernizing existing code? | +-- Start with Tier 1 (C++20/23) replacements | +-- Prioritize by security impact (memory > types > style) | +-- See anti-patterns.md for the migration table | +-- Security-critical code? | +-- Enable compiler hardening flags (see below) | +-- Enable hardened libc++ mode | +-- Run sanitizers in CI | +-- See safe-idioms.md and compiler-hardening.md | +-- Using C++26 features? +-- Reflection: YES, plan for it (GCC 16+) +-- Contracts: cautiously, for new API boundaries +-- std::execution: wait for ecosystem maturity +-- See cpp26-features.md ``` ## Feature Tiers Features are ranked by **practical usability today**, not by standard version. ### Tier 1: Use Today (C++20/23, solid compiler support) | Feature | Replaces | Standard | |---------|----------|----------| | Concepts + `requires` | SFINAE, `enable_if` | C++20 | | Ranges + views | Raw iterator loops | C++20 | | `std::span` | Pointer + length | C++20 | | `std::format` | `sprintf`, iostream chains | C++20 | | Three-way comparison `<=>` | Manual comparison operators | C++20 | | `std::jthread` | `std::thread` + manual join | C++20 | | Designated initializers | Positional struct init | C++20 | | `std::expected` | Error codes, exceptions at boundaries | C++23 | | `std::print` / `std::println` | `printf`, `std::cout <<` | C++23 | | Deducing `this` | CRTP, const/non-const duplication | C++23 | | `std::flat_map` | `std::map` for read-heavy use | C++23 | | Monadic `std::optional` | Nested if-checks on optionals | C++23 | See [cpp20-features.md](./references/cpp20-features.md) and [cpp23-features.md](./references/cpp23-features.md). ### Tier 2: Deploy Now (no standard bump needed) These improve safety without changing your C++ standard version: - **Compiler hardening flags** — `-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=3`, `-fstack-protector-strong`, `-ftrivial-auto-var-init=zero` - **Hardened libc++** — `-D_LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE=_LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_FAST` for ~0.3% overhead bounds-checking - **Sanitizers in CI** — ASan + UBSan as minimum; TSan for concurrent code - **Warning flags** — `-Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror` See [compiler-hardening.md](./references/compiler-hardening.md). ### Tier 3: Plan For (C++26, worth restructuring around) **Reflection** is the single most transformative C++26 feature. It eliminates: - Serialization boilerplate (one generic function replaces per-struct `to_json`) - Code generators (protobuf codegen, Qt MOC) - Macro-based registration and enum-to-string hacks GCC 16 (April 2026) has reflection merged. Plan new code to benefit from it. ### Tier 4: Watch (C++26, needs maturation) - **Contracts** (`pre`/`post`/`contract_assert`) — Better than `assert()`, but no virtual function support and limited compiler support. Adopt cautiously for new API boundaries. - **std::execution** (senders/receivers) — Powerful async framework, but steep learning curve, no scheduler ships with it, and poor documentation. Wait for ecosystem maturity. See [cpp26-features.md](./references/cpp26-features.md). ## Compiler Hardening Quick Reference ### Essential Flags (GCC + Clang) ``` -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=3 -fstack-protector-strong -fstack-clash-protection -ftrivial-auto-var-init=zero -fPIE -pie -Wl,-z,relro,-z,now ``` ### Clang-Specific ``` -Wunsafe-buffer-usage ``` ### Hardened libc++ (Clang/libc++ only) ``` -D_LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE=_LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE_FAST ``` Google deployed this across Chrome and their server fleet: ~0.3% overhead, 1000+ bugs found, 30% reduction in production segfaults. See [compiler-hardening.md](./references/compiler-hardening.md) for the full guide. ## Rationalizations to Reject | Rationalization | Why It's Wrong | |----------------|----------------| | "It compiles without warnings" | Warnings depend on which flags you enable. Add `-Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic`. | | "ASan is too slow for production" | Use GWP-ASan for sampling-based production detection (~0% overhead). | | "We only use safe containers" | Iterator invalidation and unchecked `optional` access are still exploitable. | | "Smart pointers are slower" | `std::unique_ptr` has zero overhead vs raw pointers. Measure before claiming. | | "Our code doesn't have memory bugs" | Google found 1000+ bugs when enabling hardened libc++. So did everyone else. | | "C++26 features aren't available yet" | C++20/23 features are. Hardening flags work on any standard. Start there. | | "Modern C++ is harder to read" | `std::expected` is more readable than checking error codes across 5 out-params. | ## Best Practices Checklist - [ ] Use smart pointers for ownership, raw pointers only for non-owning observation - [ ] Prefer `std::span` over pointer + length for function parameters - [ ] Use `std::expected` for functions that can fail with typed errors - [ ] Constrain templates with concepts, not SFINAE - [ ] Enable compiler hardening flags and hardened libc++ in all builds - [ ] Run ASan + UBSan in CI; add TSan for concurrent code - [ ] Use `constexpr` / `consteval` where possible (UB-free by design) - [ ] Mark functions `[[nodiscard]]` when ignoring the return value is likely a bug - [ ] Prefer value semantics; use `std::variant` over `union`, `enum class` over `enum` - [ ] Initialize all variables at declaration ## Read Next - [anti-patterns.md](./references/anti-patterns.md) — Full legacy-to-modern migration table (30+ patterns) - [cpp20-features.md](./references/cpp20-features.md) — Concepts, ranges, span, format, coroutines - [cpp23-features.md](./references/cpp23-features.md) — expected, print, deducing this, flat_map - [cpp26-features.md](./references/cpp26-features.md) — Reflection, contracts, memory safety improvements - [compiler-hardening.md](./references/compiler-hardening.md) — Flags, sanitizers, hardened libc++ - [safe-idioms.md](./references/safe-idioms.md) — Security patterns by vulnerability class The download contains SKILL.md . 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Check upstream before adopting a new version. - [Skill definition ↗](https://github.com/trailofbits/skills/blob/82fe8226252622fa807643bdca1710901198553a/plugins/modern-cpp/skills/modern-cpp/SKILL.md) Checked 2026-10-14 https://github.com/trailofbits/skills/blob/82fe8226252622fa807643bdca1710901198553a/plugins/modern-cpp/skills/modern-cpp/SKILL.md Supports: Workflow and stated scope - [Repository licence ↗](https://github.com/trailofbits/skills/blob/82fe8226252622fa807643bdca1710901198553a/LICENSE) Checked 2026-10-14 https://github.com/trailofbits/skills/blob/82fe8226252622fa807643bdca1710901198553a/LICENSE Supports: Redistribution terms KEEP COMPARING ## Other approaches to consider. Related by category or shared topics. These are alternatives to inspect, not a measured quality order. [### .NET Timezone ↗ Resolves .NET timezone work through the right library first — TimeZoneConverter for cross-platform, NodaTime for recurring schedules and strict DST arithmetic — and ships both Windows and IANA identifiers on every answer, seven copy-paste code patterns, and the pitfall list from DateTimeKind.Unspecified to DST transitions that skip or repeat local times.](/skills/github-dotnet-timezone/)[### Ruff Recursive Fix ↗ Enforces Python code quality with scoped Ruff runs: safe fixes first, unsafe fixes second with diff review each pass, then targeted manual remediation under explicit stop criteria.](/skills/github-ruff-recursive-fix/)[### Turborepo ↗ Monorepo build-system discipline for Turborepo: package tasks instead of root tasks, turbo.json task registration, cache outputs and hashing inputs, environment variables as cache keys, --affected runs, CI setup, and tag-based package boundaries.](/skills/jetbrains-turborepo/) [AI Tools ↗](/tools/)[Skills ↗](/skills/)[Agents ↗](/agents/)[MCP Servers ↗](/mcp-servers/)[Workflows ↗](/workflows/) ## Continue your investigation - [Choose a toolkit](/tools/) - [Inspect execution hosts](/agents/) - [Check tool access](/mcp-servers/) - [Check project dependencies](/check-repo/)